Peer-reviewed article

Risk and Protective Factors for Child Sexual Abuse in Indonesia: Cross-sectional Findings From the 2024 National Survey on Child and Adolescent Life Experiences (SNPHAR 2024).

Linadi KE, Ayubi D · 13 May 2026

Abstract

Objectives Child sexual abuse is the most frequently reported form of violence against children in Indonesia, with reported cases increasing over the past 5 years. This study aimed to identify risk and protective factors associated with sexual abuse among adolescents aged 13-17 years in Indonesia. Methods The analysis used data from the 2024 National Survey of Children's and Adolescents' Life Experiences (SNPHAR), including 6811 respondents. Bivariate analyses were conducted using chi-square tests to identify variables associated with sexual abuse. Variables with p-values less than 0.25 in binary logistic regression were included in multivariable logistic regression. Odds ratios, adjusted odds ratios (aORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to identify risk and protective factors associated with the experience of sexual abuse. Results Overall, 8.7% of respondents reported experiencing sexual abuse. Protective factors included never having worked (aOR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.99; p<0.05), never having witnessed violence (aOR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.24; p<0.001), and no history of sexual intercourse (aOR, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.15; p<0.001). Conversely, positive gender attitudes (aOR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.29 to 1.87; p<0.001) and knowledge of child protection services (aOR, 3.85; 95% CI, 3.15 to 4.72; p<0.001) were unexpectedly associated with elevated risk. Conclusions Violence-free environments and limited exposure to early sexual experiences appear to represent critical protective factors. Counterintuitive associations suggest potential influences of cultural norms, patriarchy, and limited access to services.