Peer-reviewed article
Catch-up growth following early-life stunting in a low-resource area in rural Tanzania: the MAL-ED Metabolic study.
Kiya Nemati, Yotham Z Michael, Bernadetha P Hhando, Samwel Jatosh, Eric R Houpt et al. ·
Summary
Written by AI, not yet AICS's view · claude-haiku-4-5-20251001This study followed 182 children in rural Tanzania from birth to 11.5 years to understand why some children recover from stunting (slow growth) while others do not. Stunting decreased from 73% at age 2 to 39% at age 11.5, showing moderate catch-up growth. The research found that maternal education, household income, and a hormone called IGF-1 were linked to better growth, while thyroid problems were linked to worse growth.
Key points
- Stunting prevalence decreased from 72.6% at 2 years to 39.0% at 11.5 years, indicating moderate catch-up growth in the cohort
- Maternal education, household income, socioeconomic status and IGF-1 were positively associated with height-for-age z-score
- IGF-1 was the only factor associated with catch-up growth using both definitions tested
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone was negatively associated with height and positively associated with stunting odds
- Findings suggest need for comprehensive interventions addressing socioeconomic, hormonal and biological factors
Limitations
The study is observational and identifies associations rather than causal effects. It does not test any intervention to improve catch-up growth, only examines predictive factors in a single cohort in rural Tanzania, so findings may not generalise to other settings.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Poor linear growth over time can lead to stunting, a significant public health problem in low-resource settings. Catch-up growth, the process of accelerated growth following growth faltering, is important for mitigating the long-term impacts of early stunting. This study aimed to identify key predictors of growth over time, stunting and catch-up growth among children in rural Tanzania. METHODS: We evaluated 182 children from the Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development cohort, whose anthropometric measurements were collected at six points from birth to 11.5 years. We assessed outcomes of height-for-age z-score (HAZ), stunting and catch-up growth using mixed-model linear and logistic regression to assess associations of maternal education, household income, socioeconomic status, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and thyroid function tests. We defined stunting as HAZ ≤-2 and catch-up growth both as stunting resolved from age 2 years to 11.5 years and a HAZ increase of >0.5 from 2 years to 11.5 years. RESULTS: Cohort participants exhibited a moderate amount of catch-up growth, with per cent stunting decreasing from 72.6% at 2 years to 39.0% at 11.5 years. Maternal education, household income, socioeconomic status and IGF-1 were positively associated with HAZ (eg, IGF-1 point estimate 0.141±0.067, p=0.036) and negatively associated with odds of stunting across time points, while thyroid-stimulating hormone was negatively associated with HAZ and positively associated with odds of stunting (all p<0.05). For the definitions of catch-up growth, only IGF-1 was associated with odds of catch-up growth by both definitions (both p<0.01). Because of the potential for IGF-1 to be associated with maturation (and potential early growth cessation), we also assessed regression models that included IGF-1, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, revealing that IGF-1 remained associated with catch-up growth (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the need for comprehensive interventions that address socioeconomic, hormonal and biological factors to promote catch-up growth and reduce stunting in resource-limited settings. The results offer valuable insights towards improving child health outcomes in similar contexts. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02441426 (post-results) and NCT05121935.