Peer-reviewed article
A mixed-methods study of the drivers of stunting reduction among children under-5 in Sierra Leone, 2005-2017.
Umu Hawa Jalloh, Aminata S Koroma, Michelle F Gaffey, Erica Confreda, Summer Peterson et al. ·
Summary
Written by AI, not yet AICS's view · claude-haiku-4-5-20251001This study examined why stunting among children under 5 in Sierra Leone fell dramatically from 47% in 2005 to 26% in 2017, despite postwar recovery challenges and the Ebola epidemic. Using surveys of nearly 12,000 children, qualitative research, and policy analysis, researchers found that expanded antenatal care, urbanization, and growing household wealth were key drivers of improvement. Government health policies, especially the 2010 Free Health Care Initiative, appear to have played an important role, with some reduction in inequality between wealthy and poor families.
Key points
- Under-5 stunting prevalence fell from 46.9% in 2005 to 26.4% in 2017
- Mean height-for-age z-score improved from -1.75 to -1.13 over the study period
- Expanded antenatal care coverage, urbanization, and increased household wealth were identified as key drivers of stunting reduction
- The Free Health Care Initiative (2010) and other health policies were highlighted as contributing factors
- Quantitative modeling explained only 29% of the observed improvement, suggesting other unmeasured factors contributed
Limitations
The quantitative model explains only 29% of the observed stunting reduction, leaving substantial uncertainty about which factors were most important. The study cannot definitively establish causality between specific policies and stunting reduction, as multiple changes occurred simultaneously during the study period.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Childhood stunting prevalence declined dramatically in Sierra Leone after the end of the civil war in 2002, despite major challenges of postwar recovery and the West Africa Ebola epidemic in 2014-2016. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify the factors associated with declining stunting prevalence among children under-5 in Sierra Leone between 2005 and 2017. METHODS: Mixed methods including literature review, primary qualitative research, narrative policy and program review, and secondary analysis of household survey data on children under-5 with valid height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) (n = 4915 in 2005, n = 7736 in 2010, and n = 11,447 in 2017), including Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis. RESULTS: Under-5 stunting prevalence declined from 46.9% in 2005 to 26.4% in 2017 and mean HAZ increased from -1.75 to -1.13, with some narrowing of inequalities in child growth by wealth, maternal education, and sex, but not between urban and rural children. Stakeholders highlighted several policies and programs that evidenced government commitment to improving maternal and child health and nutrition and likely contributed to improved child growth over time, including the Free Health Care Initiative introduced in 2010. Our quantitative modeling predicted only 29% of the observed 0.62 HAZ increase over the study period but highlighted expanded coverage of antenatal care, increased urbanization, and increased household wealth as key drivers of nutritional change over time. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid reduction in under-5 stunting in Sierra Leone coincided with strong economic growth and declining urban poverty, along with high-profile health and development policies supported by external partners that targeted and/or benefited poorer and rural populations especially. Had the Ebola and COVID-19 epidemics not occurred, positive pre-2014 trajectories in child growth and other maternal and child health and nutrition outcomes in Sierra Leone may well have continued, yielding gains even larger than those observed over the study period.